Suryathejus R, University of Delhi
1. Introduction
Lachit Borphukan stands as one of the most revered figures in Indian history a symbol of valour, integrity, and strategic brilliance. His leadership during the seventeenth century, especially in the midst of the Mughal expansion, preserved the sovereignty of the Ahom kingdom and safeguarded the cultural identity of Assam. More than a military commander, Lachit embodies the idea that courage arises from duty, discipline, and devotion to one’s land. His life, from childhood to his final battle, reflects the making of a warrior whose legacy continues to inspire generations.
2. Early Life and Childhood
Lachit Borphukan was born in 1622 into a prominent Ahom family. His father, Momai Tamuli Borbarua, was a powerful and respected official responsible for administration and military organisation under the Ahom kings. Growing up in such an environment allowed young Lachit to witness first-hand the workings of governance, discipline, and warfare.
From a young age, Lachit displayed qualities that distinguished him from others: sharp observation, calm judgement, and a strong sense of responsibility. According to traditional accounts, he was trained not just in physical combat but also in diplomacy, history, and the socio-cultural customs of the Ahoms. This holistic upbringing made him understand that leadership is not only about commanding troops but also about building trust and shaping the moral strength of a society. Lachit’s childhood was deeply rooted in Ahom traditions, including military drills, horse riding, archery, and river navigation.
Growing along the Brahmaputra, he developed a profound understanding of the river’s moods, currents, and seasonal changes – knowledge that would later prove decisive in the Battle of Saraighat. His early years laid the foundation for the rise of a warrior who would one day defend his homeland with his unmatched courage.
3. The Path Toward Becoming a Warrior
Lachit did not rise to power suddenly; his journey to becoming one of Assam’s most formidable generals was shaped by years of learning and committed service. Before being appointed Borphukan, he held several important posts—such as Soladhara Barua (scarf-bearer of the king), a position considered an honour and often given to those the king deeply trusted.
His steady rise through different ranks exposed him to various dimensions of administration, diplomacy, and conflict management. This experience cultivated in him an appreciation for strategic thinking and a disciplined temperament. He was known for valuing merit and loyalty over personal connections—one of the most iconic examples being the punishment he gave his own uncle for negligence in building defence structures. This act demonstrated his belief that the security of the kingdom was greater than familial ties.
When the Mughal Empire intensified its efforts to control Assam, King Chakradhwaj Singha appointed Lachit as Borphukan, the supreme military commander of the western front. His leadership was marked by an immediate focus on fortification, surveillance, and empowering local units, especially the Paiks, who formed the backbone of the Ahom military system. He enhanced naval preparedness, reorganised troops, and introduced strategies tailored to Assam’s unique geography.
Through these efforts, Lachit transformed from a diligent administrator into a wartime leader who commanded the respect, trust, and devotion of his soldiers.
4. War Against the Mughals: The Battle of Saraighat
The most defining chapter of Lachit Borphukan’s life unfolded during the Battle of Saraighat in 1671, one of the greatest naval battles in Indian history. The Mughal Empire, under the command of Raja Ram Singh, sought to bring Assam under its expanding domain. They arrived with an enormous army, technologically superior artillery, and a powerful navy. In contrast, the Ahom forces were fewer in number and lacked comparable firepower.
Yet, what the Ahoms lacked in resources, they compensated for with strategic brilliance—and that brilliance was led by Lachit.
Use of Geography and Strategy
Knowing the Mughal navy was unfamiliar with the treacherous currents of the Brahmaputra, Lachit exploited the river’s natural strengths. He ordered the construction of hidden trenches, false docks, and camouflage positions along the riverbank. Guerilla tactics, swift night raids, and deceptive manoeuvres became central to the Ahom strategy.
Boosting Morale
At a time when many commanders might have felt overwhelmed, Lachit stood resolute. His passion for defending Assam inspired the troops, often described in historical accounts as the “strength that held the army together.” Even when he fell seriously ill during the war, he refused to succumb to weakness.
The Iconic Final Stand
The turning point of the battle came when the Mughal forces launched a massive naval attack. Seeing his soldiers demoralized, Lachit, despite his illness, rose from his sickbed and took command. He boarded a war boat and shouted his famous words, “Dexot koi mur manuh loi jabo?” (“How can I take my people’s future into danger?”). This act of courage reinvigorated the Ahom soldiers, who charged back with renewed determination.
The Mughals, unable to withstand the fierce defence and unfamiliar river conditions, retreated. The victory at Saraighat ensured the independence of Assam and halted Mughal expansion in the region.
5. Remembering His Courage
Lachit Borphukan’s courage was multi-dimensional. It was not merely physical bravery but moral and ethical courage—a commitment to duty above self. His insistence on discipline, even at personal cost, highlighted his belief that leadership requires accountability. His battlefield heroism, unwavering spirit, and strategic acumen made him a legend.
Modern India honours his legacy in various ways. The National Defence Academy (NDA) awards the Lachit Borphukan Gold Medal to the best cadet each year—a symbol of excellence and leadership. Assam celebrates Lachit Divas annually, reminding future generations of his sacrifice and ideals.
6. Significance and Legacy
Lachit’s legacy extends far beyond the battlefield. He symbolizes:
- Resistance against imperial aggression
- The power of indigenous knowledge and local warfare tactics
- The unity of a community in defending its identity
- Duty-driven leadership that transcends personal interests
Unlike many historical warriors who fought for personal power, Lachit fought for cultural survival, dignity, and collective heritage. His victories ensured that Assam maintained its distinct cultural and political identity during a time of aggressive imperial expansion.
7. Conclusion
Lachit Borphukan’s life is a timeless reminder that true heroism arises from conviction, loyalty, and sacrifice. His childhood shaped his values, his training forged his character, and the Battle of Saraighat immortalized his courage. In remembering Lachit, we honour a warrior who defended not only a kingdom but the spirit of an entire civilization. His legacy continues to guide and inspire, standing tall as a testament to the unbreakable will of those who choose duty over fear.
